The US energy diplomacy

There is only one market for oil, and that is the global market. The market is subject to effects of world politics especially concerning matters of diplomacy, and pricing wars between major suppliers. These will in effect have adverse political implications as well as economic effect to the major players especially the United States of America.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The US energy diplomacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the US is the world-leading importer of oil, with the country importing at least 70% of its oil needs, which has risen from 33% in the last 20 years (Yergin I). As such, the US heavily relies on major suppliers of the commodity to fulfill its domestic energy requirement, thus enhance its energy security. The major exporters of oil to US include Canada, Venezuela, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. The complexity of the global oil market is enhanced because the global oil business has heavy political implications with major world suppliers led by Russia using it as a political tool to advance self interest in the world political affairs. As such the US finds it hard to engage effectively with such countries especially Russia as such dependency will undermine the place of the US in the world politics (I). Former British premier, Sir Winston Churchill observed that to circumvent the issue of political manipulation from oil supplying countries, oil dependent countries ought to create a diverse oil supply mechanism such that should one source be affected, the country will still have enough suppliers as contingency plans (LeVine 1). As such, the US government has been strongly opposed to over reliance on one source especially Russia, for oil; Europe is heavily reliant on Russia for her oil and natural gas supplies (Woehrel 18). Major players in the global oil market such as India and china have made tremendous effort in diversifying their energy suppl y by moving from energy sufficiency to development of a diverse energy supply mechanism. This is not only as a way of ensuring energy security but also as part of their foreign policy development. This proves how important oil is to diplomacy and foreign policy development and as such, the US cannot be left behind by emerging nation such as Indian and china. This means that due to the frosty diplomatic and politically complex nature of the US-Russia ties, Washington cannot therefore turn to this Moscow for its energy supply diversification needs. America will have to look elsewhere and possibly towards the east. Despite the tension that has [previously existed between the two countries America has no alternative than to enhance its ties with Saudi Arabia. Developing such relations means multiple benefits that come along with it especially in enhancing America’s foreign policy in the entire Middle East. Thus, this paper endeavors to describe why the US needs Saudi Arabia for i ts energy supply diversification program as well as foreign policy development for the Middles East.Advertising Looking for critical writing on diplomacy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Russia has developed its natural gas and oil resource as well as investing heavily in the energy supply infrastructure to become a force to reckon with in the global energy market. It has established something of a monopolistic strategy in European and Eurasian energy market. Diplomats and political analysts have argued that this, accompanied by the decision to abolish trade aids to former soviets states is the new Russian foreign policy aimed at consolidating its position in matters of international politics (Woehrel 1). The US is however strongly opposed to Russian energy expansion program and has seen advised European countries to check their reliance on Russian oil. Furthermore it has supported the development of oil pipelines such as Baku -Tiblisi-Ceyahn pipeline that will help supply oil from Azerbaijan to the European market thus shrinking Russian European domain and subsequently its (political) influence (14, 15). This is in efforts to contain Russian growth and influence as a world power. Therefore the Washington cannot look up to Moscow as a energy supply diversification alternative but consider other alternatives especially those that The US stands to gain at the economic as well as the diplomatic fronts. America’s major suppliers of oil and natural gas are Canada, Mexico Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Canada supplies about 17% of America’s needs while Mexico 13% exports to the US market. Venezuela averages about 7% of America’s oil needs. The three are among the four main suppliers and more importantly are Americas neighbors. Since oil is part of the wider foreign policy the US needs to look further beyond its neighbor and develop strong relationship with Saudi Arabia the suppler that complet e the quartet and the third major exporter of oil to the US market at 11%, which is about 1.46 million barrels per day. With the price if oil approaching US$ 100, the US is spending a colossal amount of money on oil from the gulf (LeVine 1; Yergin II). Further studies have indicated that the demand for oil will rise in the next forty years and Saudi Arabia tops the countries with the greatest potential for expanding oil supply, and as such will be a possible supplier to the US future increased energy needs (Yergin II). This further supports the need that the US needs Saudi Arabia more than ever before. LeVine adds that the notion that some sections of Washington think that some of that money spent by US to buy oil from Arabia goes to fund terrorism is misplaced and a misrepresentation of facts (2). This is because of the important role that Saudi Arabia is applying in maintaining peace in the Middle East. Washington has always called upon Riyadh as one of its key diplomatic alleys i n carrying out its activities of repressing terrorism in that region.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The US energy diplomacy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Riyadh is playing key diplomatic roles , and successfully so, such a mediation with terrorists and terror groups in countries like Afghanistan, Yemen Lebanon and Iraq, as well as gathering counter terrorism intelligence , the latest of which thwarted an attempt to send explosive parcels to Washington. Without Riyadh’s support, the US diplomatic duties in the Middle East would almost be non-existent and in great peril where they exist. Thus, they us need to look to Riyadh for oil as its energy diversification strategy but more importantly, it needs to needs the oil as a way of strengthening its only ally in the Middle East. The very nature of the political situation exposes the US Middle East soft diplomatic underbelly and thus makes the U S more dependent on Saudi help (oil). Such dependency however has its negative repercussions on a country. Some suppliers such as Russia use oil as a political weapon to advance their political agenda, and as such may use that trade advantage to influence political decision in their weak trade partners. To avoid such occurrences the US is diversifying its energy sources not only through diversifying supply and sources but also in looking at alternatives to oil. This is intended to reduce its dependency on oil. There are efforts to develop new technologies and enhance energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is a technology that ensures that there is optimum out put for every input of unit of energy and thus avoids wastage. Energy efficiency efforts have doubled up in the last decade. Accompanying energy efficiency methods is the development of clean energy through solar, wind and other liquid fuels such as bio fuels. These alternative sources are supposed to supplement US domestic energ y needs and reduce overdependence on oil (Yergin II). However, LeVine explains that alternative energy in the US accounts only for a small percentage of its energy use and as such cannot be entirely depend upon as supplement to oil (2). Despite the fact that future Saudi Arabia oil potential will significantly increase while the US oil needs will reduce marginally this does not reduce America dependent on oil supply from outside sources. It is also not threat to America’s future but an opportunity to explore and tighten diplomatic relations between these twp frenemies. As such, America still needs oil from Saudi Arabia now and in future. The future of America greatly depends on how it plays its diplomatic crds well with Saudi Arabia, especially concerning oil trade. This oil is impotent because it has economic implication as well as diplomatic implications. Tightening the relationship will mean the US can buy more oil for the Arab country while Arabia can use that money to st rengthen its politics and economy so as to help America carry is diplomatic duties in that region.Advertising Looking for critical writing on diplomacy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited LeVine, Steven. Frenemies Forever: How Washington Stopped Worrying and Learned To Love Saudi Arabia, Again. Foreign Policy, 2011. Web. Yergin, Daniel. The Fundamentals of Energy Security, Foreign Affairs House, 2007. Web. Woehrel, Steven. CRS Report for Congress: Russian Energy Policy Toward Neighboring Countries. 2008. Web. This critical writing on The US energy diplomacy was written and submitted by user Warren Worthington III to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Informative Spatial cues Essays

Informative Spatial cues Essays Informative Spatial cues Essay Informative Spatial cues Essay Essay Topic: Informative Experiment 5 was conducted to investigate the effect of the introduction of the speech cue in experiment 4. As discussed previously, the introduction of the speech cue may have had some unforeseen influence on the results obtained in experiment 4. Therefore experiment 5 mirrors experiment 3 with the introduction of a spatially informative speech cue instead of the spatially informative pure tone. The results of the experiment supported the earlier findings in experiment 3 wherein, a significant response time advantage was found for valid cues for all SOA conditions in experiment 5. Therefore it can be assumed that the introduction of the speech cue was not the cause of the weakened response time advantage found for SOA of 200ms and 1100ms in experiment 4, and further that the major contributor to this response time advantage reduction is the removal of the spatial component to the cue. It can be said that the spatial cue plays a greater role in covert auditory attention rather than speech cues, although a combination of both would be the most optimal conditions. The factors that influences the localizability of an auditory stimulus is varied and complex. It should be noted that the frequency range of the sound affects both the presence and quality of both interaural time differences (ITD) and interaural intensity differences (IID), moreover, the intensity, duration, rise/fall time and complexity of the sound also affects the detecting of the sound. The lack of spatial cuing decreased the response time of subjects for they did not have basis for localization. Flanagan, McAnally, Martin, Meehan Oldfield (1998) visual search times were reduced when spatially informative auditory information was supplied. They used a spatial localization task in which the search for a visual target was aided by either a visual arrow or an auditory cue. They found both the visual and the auditory cues aided in significantly reducing the search times when compared to unaided search. It is however important that the visual and auditory information presented are detectable and localizable. Hence a signal should be localizable when information presented is critical (i. e. ; location of threats such as enemy fighters, missiles etc.) and that information presented is expected in that location will improve response time and accuracy (Posner, 1980, Spence and Driver, 1996). One interesting observation from experiment 5 was the overall decrease of response times for all conditions. In comparison to experiment 3 overall response times were about 30ms faster in experiment 5. The question raised is could the replacement of the spatially informative pure tone with the spatially informative speech have caused this improvement in overall response time. The introduction of speech alone did not have the effect of reducing response times in experiment 4 where a non-spatial speech cue was used. Hence the combination of the informative speech with the likely spatial location of the target may engage both exogenous and endogenous processes more completely than the just the likely spatial location alone. The essentially â€Å"double-barred† cue of both correct spatial location and the informativeness of a speech confirmation of the spatial location could have the effect of increasing the subject’s confidence and/or efficiency at completing the task correctly. Therefore the reduced response times observed in experiment 5 in comparison to experiment 3 could be as a result of this â€Å"double-barreled† type of cue. Unfortunately, this assumption cannot be made in this case due to the fact that not all subjects who completed experiment 3 also completed experiment 5. Furthermore despite three subjects completing both experiments, the order of completion was the same with experiment 3 completed first, therefore no statistical analysis could be performed on the data due to the possibility of practice effects influencing the result.

An Analysis of P.S. I Love You

Running Head: P. S. I LOVE YOU 1 An Analysis of P. S. I Love You Tammy McDaniel ENG 225 Jonathan Beller August 15, 2011 P. S. I LOVE YOU 2 An Analysis of P. S. I Love You The 2007 film, P. S. I Love You, is a film about learning to let go and move on with your life after the death of a spouse. The Film stars Hilary Swank, Million Dollar Baby and Gerard Butler, 300. It also stars Lisa Kudrow as Denise, Gina Gershon as Sharon, James Marsters as John, Kathy Bates as Patricia (Hollys mom), Nellie McKay as Ciara (Hollys sister), Harry Connick Jr. s Daniel, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan as William. This paper will critique the film, P. S. I Love You, through textual and formal analysis focusing on the following elements.. Storytelling, Acting, Cinematography, Editing, Sound, Style and Directing, Societal Impact, Genre, and Film Criticism and Analysis. By examining the films technical elements, you can gain a better understanding of the directors vision of the film. P. S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama directed by Richard LaGavenese. The screenplay by LaGavenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel P. S. I Love You by Cecelia Ahern. This film was shot on locations in New York City and county Wicklow, Ireland. (Imdb. com) In this film, P. S. I Love You, Hilary Swank plays Holly, an American who marries an Irishman,Gerry (played by Gerard Butler). Gerry is Hollys soul mate, the love of her life. A few weeks shy of her 30th birthday Gerry dies from a brain tumor. Holly feels so lost without Gerry that for weeks she stays in her apartment and does not want to see or talk to anyone except Gerry. On her 30th birthday her friends come over to force her to celebrate and get out of her slump. A cake arrives mysteriously. When opened Holly finds a tape recorded message from Gerry. He tells her that she will receive a series of letters and that she has to do what each letter says. A different letter will arrive each month for ten months. The letters range from singing Karaoke to P. S. I LOVE YOU 3 going to Ireland with her friends. During the course of these letters Holly is pushed into a new future. Gerry has sent her on a journey to discover who she is without him in her life. Gerry ends each letter with P. S. I Love You. The filmmakers presented this film in chronological order to show how Holly deals with her life without Gerry and how she finds the courage to move on. This film takes place in a years time with a few flashbacks to help you understand the love that Holly and Gerry shared. Some of the settings used in this film include: Holly and Gerrys apartment, Hollys Moms bar, and Ireland. Holly suffers from an internal conflict. She knows that she will have to let Gerry go but, she does not want to. She resolves this conflict by reading Gerrys letters and doing what he asks. The letters in this film are a symbolic gesture of Gerrys love for Holly and him wanting her to move on with her life and not be depressed that he is gone. People who have lost a loved one can understand the internal conflict that Holly suffers from. This makes the movie more real to these people. I think this film ends up being a Situational Irony occurs when we expect one thing to happen and something else does. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011). Through out the entire movie film you believe that Gerry set everything up with the post office so the letters arrive to Holly on certain days. At the end of the film you find the Gerry talked Hollys mom into delivering the letters to Holly. Against her feelings that this was not good For Holly she does what Gerry asks. The dialogue in this film allows you to see how Holly goes from being depressed to being happy with her life. You can tell the difference when Holly is talking to someone that she is slowly letting go of Gerry. I believe that the plot and the character drives the film forward. The plot P. S. I LOVE YOU 4 consists of carefully chosen elements from the tory that the writer feels the viewer needs to know and has arranged into a consciously designed order, leaving out some things and possibly repeating other things more than once. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) I feel that this goes hand in hand with Hollys mom being the one delivering the letters. The character drives the film,because you want to see how Holly handles receiving the letters and following through with what Gerry wants her to do. This is a film that uses flashbacks to help you understand certain things. The flashbacks in this film allows the audience to see just how much Gerry loved Holly. It shows that he loved her so much he wanted to help her move on with her life. He wrote those letters knowing that he was going to die. He wanted to help ease Hollys pain after he was gone. I feel that the flashbacks in this film help the film so much, because without them you would never really know how much Gerry loved Holly. This Film used realism acting. This is acting that does not draw attention to itself but instead gives the impression of genuine human action and emotion. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) I believe that both Hilary Swank and Gerard Butler are wild card actors. Wild card actors are actors that can play a wide variety of characters equally without becoming typecast. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) Both Hilary and Gerard I feel are actors that can do any kind of role. Hilary has done roles from Million Dollar Baby to Boys Dont Cry. Gerard has done roles from 300 to Bounty Hunter. Bot h can do comedy, drama, and romance. Which is what P. S. I Love You is. I thinks that the casting in this film was excellent and I do not feel that anyone was miscast. I feel that it helped quite a bit knowing who these actors were before seeing this movie and I do not feel that their persona distracted from their character. While watching this film I forgot that I was watching Hilary Swank and was just watching Holly. There is a scene in the P. S. I LOVE YOU 5 few weeks after Gerrys death where Holly is lip-syncing to a Judy Garland song. I feel that this scene shows us just how much Holly misses Gerry. She has let herself go. Her clothes are dirty as is her hair. The apartment is a total wreck (trash, food, old take-out, and dirty dishes everywhere). When you see all this you view Holly as a depressed and sad person. At the end of the year Holly is clean and dresses very nice and you view her as happy and enjoying her new life. What drew me to this movie in the first place was the title and the actors. After seeing the movie after taking this class I found that I enjoyed the movie in a different and better way. When you notice small things that you did not notice before this class I feel that you can understand the movie better. When you understand how a movie is made it opens up a lot of different aspects of learning for you. If the director is responsible for the film overall, in a general way, the cinematographer is specifically responsible for its look, in very specific, shot–by–shot terms. He or she is responsible for the images that the camera sees, and by extension the images that the audience will see in the finished film. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) This film uses a variety of different shots. They vary fr om long shots, medium long shots, medium shots, and medium close-up shots. Most directors use several takes, and different camera setups or versions, of the same scene. This allows them to pick and choose the best of what they have shot and to put scenes together in the way that most effectively tells the story they are trying to tell. In order to have a variety of shots to edit together, however, all those different types of shots must be photographed in the first place. (Goodykoontz , 2011) This is the job of the Cinematographer and I feel that this cinematographer did an excellent job doing just that. P. S. I LOVE YOU 6 The cinematographer choice in lighting for different parts of the the movie was superb. For the funeral scene the cinematographer used low-key lighting. For the rest of the film he used high-key lighting. I like movies that a full of color. I have only one black and white movie that I like (Casablanca). The cinematographer uses Saturation color, Desaturation color, and The Golden Hour color in this film. Saturation color is deep, vibrant, bright, pure color. (Goodykoontz , 2011) and is used through most of the movie. Desaturation color has been muted, appearing less intense, which contributes to a more realistic, often–gritty look. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) and I feel is used during some f the funeral scene. The Golden Hour color also known as the magic hour (although it actually lasts only about 20 minutes), is the term used for the time of day just before sunrise and the time just after sunset, when colors appear more warm, almost glowing, and there are no shadows, since the sun is not in the sky. (Goodykoontz , 2011) is used during the outdoor scenes in I reland. All three used in the same movie allows the audience to feel different emotions through out the film. For the apartment a narrow focus is used to make the apartment feel smaller and more claustrophobic. When watching a movie at home I prefer watching it in widescreen compared to full screen. Widescreen allows the audience to feel like they are at a movie theater. Watching a movie on full screen feels like you are missing parts of the movie. The cinematographer wants you to focus on the characters more so than the background, but at times I feel like her wants you to also focus on the background at the same time. An example of this would be when Holly and Gerry meet for the first time in Ireland. You are focused on the characters but at the same time you are also focused on the beautiful scenery of Ireland. That is also the same for when the Holly, Denise, and Sharon are stuck on the boat. P. S. I LOVE YOU 7 The editors use fade-out/fade-in and direct cut shots. An example of a fade-out/fade-in shot would be after the opening scene and after the opening credits. An example of a direct cut shot would be when the girls are stuck in the boat on the lake. The next scene shows another boat coming to save them. The editor also used an establishing shot during the scenes to let you know who, what, and where for a scene. An example of this would be when Holly and Gerry meet for the first time. You know that it is Holly and Gerry in the scene, you know that they are meeting for the first time, you also know that they are in Ireland. There is also a lot of shot/reverse-shots in this movie. An example of this would be when Holly and Gerry are in their apartment at their own dressers arguing. The camera moves from Holly to Gerry through out the entire argument so you can see each of their expressions and you can also see if they make faces at each other because of something the other said. There are two kinds of film sound used in this movie. They are dialogue and voice-over. Dialogue is when two or more characters are speaking to each other. Through dialogue you feel how the characters are feeling and also you understand what is happening. An example of this would be when Holly and her mom are arguing that Holly is obsessed with the letters. You understand that Patricia does not like the letters at all. Voice-over is when a character’s voice narrates the action to help the audience understand what is going on. (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) Another form of sound you have in a film is the score or the background music. This music allows the audience to experience a whole other experience during a movie. The score can make you happy, sad, scared, or excited. It also can portray how a character is feeling at the exact moment. P. S. I LOVE YOU 8 To me Richard LaGravenese is a director that likes to tell a story and show meaning in his work. In addition to P. S. I Love You his work includes: Water for Elephants, Freedom Writers, and Living Out Loud. I believe that this film is very well made. I have never seen a movie by this director before I could not tell you about how he approaches the subject matter of the film. I do not know anything about this directors own personal vision, however, by looking at his other pieces of work it seems to me that he runs toward romance and films that tend to have a meaning behind them. For this film I believe his meaning is that after losing a loved one you can move on and have fun again and enjoy your life. This film is a Drama and Romance movie with a sub-genre of comedy. I went into this film thinking it was a romance movie. While watching it a realized that it was a lot more than that. The purpose of a drama is to allow the audience to feel what the characters are feeling. The purpose of a romance is to feel the love that the characters share. The purpose of a comedy is to allow the audience to laugh with the characters. I feel that this is a film that can influence society. I say that because I feel that after seeing a movie like this people would want to have that kind of love. When my sister and I walked out of the theater we both said I want a man to love me like that! This is a film that allows the audience to escape from their daily lives and have a good time. What is more fun than laughing and crying at the same time when watching a movie? To me the answer is nothing is more fun. This film is Rated PG-13 for sexual references and brief nudity. This is definitely not a movie for a child younger than 13. P. S. I LOVE YOU 9 As with all films you will have critics that tell you whether a film is good or not. That critic can be a professional critic, a family member or a friend. I found a phrase and a quote in our text that explains what a critic is. What is a critic? There are many definitions, some of which are unflattering, including as they do charges of jealousy, mean–spiritedness, and flat–out incompetence. Ironically enough, one of the best definitions comes from a character in a film, and in an animated film, at that. In Pixar’s film Ratatouille (2007), Peter O’Toole provides the voice of Anton Ego, a famous food critic feared for his discriminating palate and his withering criticism. When he samples food that has secretly been prepared by a rat, everyone fears the worst (particularly the rat). However, Ego begins his review with a spirited defense of the art of criticism, observations that apply just as much to film criticism as to food criticism. In the movie Ego says, In many ways, the work of a critic is easy. We risk very little yet enjoy a position over those who offer up their work and their selves to our judgment. We thrive on negative criticism, which is fun to write and to read. But the bitter truth we critics must face, is that in the grand scheme of things, the average piece of junk is probably more meaningful than our criticism designating it so. But there are times when a critic truly risks something, and that is in the discovery and defense of the new. The world is often unkind to new talent, new creations; the new needs friends . . . Not everyone can become a great artist, but a great artist can come from anywhere. (Bird, 207) (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2011) I myself do not read or listen to a critic or a review. If you do and that person said that a movie was bad than you might have missed a very good movie. P. S. I LOVE YOU 10 I watched this movie again with my sister before writing this assignment and as we watched I found myself telling my sister what kind of shots were being used and explaining what a fade-out/fade-in was. Watching this movie after taking these few weeks of class I understood the movie in a different and good way. I believe that the director wanted the audience to feel what Holly does and through his direction I did. After I was finished examining the films different technical elements, I definitely gained a better understanding of the directors vision of the film. In conclusion I want to say that after taking this class and learning all about Storytelling, Acting, Cinematography, Editing, Sound, Style and Directing, Societal Impact, Genre, and Film Criticism and Analysis I am more in tune to how a movie is made and find that I enjoy watching movies a little better now that I understand what goes into it. Sometimes theres only one thing left to say P. S. I LOVE YOU P. S. I LOVE YOU 11 References Goodykoontz, B. Jacobs, C. P. (2011) Film: From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG225. 11. 2 IMDB. (2011). P. S. I Love You. Retrieved from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0431308/combined LaGravenese, R. (Director). (2007). P. S. I Love You. [Motion Picture]. USA:

Poverty and Underdevelopment in Modern Times Essay

Poverty and Underdevelopment in Modern Times - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that this serves as grounds for the presence of the sick, the poor and the illiterate. These three are not only indicators of poverty, but are also indicators of underdevelopment. A country is said to be underdeveloped if it has a high rate of illiteracy. While First World countries have high literacy rates, the opposite is seen in countries that do not have enough teaching facilities and teachers. The cycle of underdevelopment is one that is hard to break. Through the lack of university graduates that add up to their workforce, there is not much to be expected of professionals in the underdeveloped country. Furthermore, the quality of industrial products produced in a country where native is more advanced than technology itself cannot be seen as worthy of being exported. Another determining factor of an underdeveloped country is the preference of imported products over the locals. Due to the availability of high priced imports, the local sector is deplete d of wealth and therefore the budget is decreased. Furthermore, the growing populations which cannot be supported by the government due to the lack of enough funds are forced to live daily on malnutrition. The cost of living in rural areas differs significantly with urban areas, and the marginalized sector is ever present. Simply put, poverty is the outcome of a country’s underdevelopment. The lack of funds for every citizen in the country to receive the benefits due him results to inefficiency and deprivation. These in turn lead to a poor way of life that will be resulting to a country which is poor. Poverty is an issue that cannot be easily alleviated. Even with the presence of organizations that claim to target the elimination of poverty, it still lingers and is growing still. Along with the population explosion comes the increase in poverty. It is a primordial matter of country security.

Clinical pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clinical pharmacology - Essay Example 2010). Antibiotics especially co-trimoxazole, metronidazole, macrolides, fluroquinolones: As far as sulpha drugs which cause enhanced effect of Warfarin resulting in bleeding, in the absence of proven mechanism of action, it has been hypothesized by clinicians that systematic administration of such antibiotics results in reduced production of Vitamin K caused by intestinal flora. Same mechanism of action applies to macrolides that include Azithromycin etc and quinolones such as ciprofloxacin (Medication Management Home).As for metronidazole, it interferes with metabolism of S enatiomer of Warfarin. As for, Rifampin, it induces hepatic enzymes thus increasing metabolism of Warfarin (Horton and Bushwick, 1999). Antidepressants: Two theoretical hypotheses about Warfarin’s potential interactions with antidepressants are that because Warfarin is protein bound, antidepressants which are also protein bound, their interaction can result in displacement of Warfarin from its binding sites as stated by Sansone and Sansone (2009). They at the same time point out the observation of Sayal et al (2000) that there is no clinical evidence to that effect. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), are found to potentially inhibit Warfarin metabolism through their isoenzymes 2C9 and 1A2. However Sertraline and Citalopran are not likely to cause interaction. While Paroxetine has low-to-moderate risk, fluvoxamine and fluoxetine have the potential to effects of Warfarin. Ginkgo biloba has properties capable of inhibiting platelet aggregation, if taken with Warfarin, it will enhance the toxic effects monamine oxidase inhibitors. However, Ginkgo on its own is capable of causing bleeding complications (Dharmananda). Dong qual increases the anticoagulant action of Warfarin. St John’s Wort induces P450 pathways resulting in lowering of INR. This increases the metabolism of Warfarin.

Sufi Teachers and Redefining the Traditional Student-Teacher Relationsh

Sufi Teachers and Redefining the Traditional Student-Teacher Relationship "What does it mean-and more important, what should it mean--to be educated?" (58) A response to Spayd's begs another question. Is education the objective itself or the means to the objective? For some people education is just a degree, a piece of paper framed on the wall. One can say, a person with a diploma has received an education, but it is not certain that the person is educated. This paper relates to those individuals who use education as a means to reach their objective. For them, education is not a straight line with a definitive start and finish. It is a journey full of crossroads and choices, which require direction from a guide. For a student, the teacher is that guide. The teacher teaches the student how to find the right way in his journey and from time to time, help redefine student's objective. The teacher's role in a student's journey is a central issue for a fruitful education. A teacher's methodology and the relationship between student and teacher greatly affect the content of education and its relevance to real life. A student's role is equally important in an effective teacher-student relationship. As a receiver of information and training, the student must respect and love the teacher and also have keen interest in the subject matter. This paper is intended to focus on the importance of a teaching methodology, content and philosophy of teaching and learning for an effective and fruitful student-teacher relationship. A dramatic example of a powerful teacher-student interaction is found in the Sufi Order and the way the Dervish teach their students. By understanding the teacher-student relationship in the Sufi Order, one may... ...espect and admiration for the teacher in addition to having a keen interest in the subject matter. A Sufi Master's relationship with his student, however dramatic it may be, is the most productive and rewarding model for a life-long student-teacher relationship. Works Cited Helminski, Kabir. "Dervishhood". http://www.sufism.org/books/sacred/dervish.html (9 March 2002). Spayde, John. "Learning in the Key of Life." The Presence of Others Voices and Images That Calls for Response. Lunsford and Ruszkiewicz. New York: Bedford St.Martin's, 2000 , 58-64. Lessing, Doris. "On Sufism and Idries Shah's The Commanding Self (1994)". January 31, 1999. http://www.sufis.org/lessing_commandingself.html (9 March 2002). "Initiation and search for a murshid". Hazrat Sultan Bahu . November 24, 2000. http://www.bahu.co.za/hazrat_sultan_bahu.htm (9 March 2002).

Public Display of Affection

Nursing Care Plan Student Name/Date: __Nicole Reinke/ Week 5_____________ | Nursing Diagnosis |Expected Outcomes |Nursing Interventions/Rationale |Outcome Evaluation | |(Dx, related to, & as evidenced by) |(Short term (8-48 hr. ) reasonable expectations |List all interventions for each nsg. dx (include patient/family |(Patient outcome noted as met or unmet/responses | | |stated in measurable, behavioral terms, i. . , |teaching) |described) | | |action verbs) | | | |Risk for injury r/t seizures amb gait and balance |Client will remain free from falls while in the |Nurse will make sure that the call light is always in reach so |This outcome of remaining fall free was met while | |disorders. hospital. |that the client does not have to be concerned about not knowing |I was at the hospital. Everytime I went into the | | | |where the call light is when needing help. |room I made sure the call light was on her table | | | |Nure will place a â€Å"High Risk for Falls† sign above client’s bed so|and the walker was next to the bed.Client also | | | |that any person that comes into the room to help assist is aware |reported no falls. | | | |of the safety measures that need to be taken. | | | |Nurse will determine risk for falls using the evaluation tool | | | | |which includes client history of atrial fibrillation. | | | | | | | | |Nurse will place the walker near the bed to remind client to use | | | | |walker when getting up to go to the bathroom. | | | | |Nurse will explain how to use the walker, by moving walker first | | | | |and then move body to make sure client knows how to use the | | | | |walker. | | | |Nurse will also teach the client the importance of using the | | | | |walker when walking through the halls in order to prevent future |This outcome of using the walker was partially | | |Client will use a walker while in the hospital to|falls, this will also help promote activity and will give the |met. When reminded the clien t would use the | | |get to the bathroom in order to maintain safety. client something else to do instead of laying in bed all day. |walker but admitted not using it all the time. | | | | |After teaching her the importance of using the | | | | |walker and what could happen if she fell she said | | | | |she would try to make it a habit. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nursing Diagnosis |Expected Outcomes |Nursing Interventions/Rationale |Outcome Evaluation | |(Dx, related to, & as evidenced by) |(Short term (8-48 hr. ) reasonable expectations |List all interventions for each nsg. dx (include patient/family|(Patient outcome noted as met or unmet/responses | | |stated in measurable, behavioral terms, i. e. |teaching) |described) | | |action verbs) | | | | |3. Client will be educated on how to reduce | Nurse will assess for additonal factors leading to risk for |This outcome was not fully met. I asked about | | |risk of falls at home. |falls because sometimes medications can increase risk for |her house and the hazards that were there for | | | |falls. |falls but I wasn’t able to talk about using | | | |2.Nurse will teach the client the benefit of using nonskid |nonskid rugs or bathroom devices. But she | | | |rugs and safety devices in the bathroom. This is important to |understands the importance and will ask her | | | |teach so that the client can recognize clutter and slippery |daughter and physican when she is discharged. | | | |floors. | | | |3. Nurse will instruct client and daughter how to correct | | | | |identified hazards to make sure everything that could cause a | | | | |fall is prevented. | |